List of First Ladies of the United States

First Lady of the
United States
Incumbent
Michelle Obama
since January 20, 2009
Style Mrs. Obama
Residence White House
Inaugural holder Martha Washington
Formation April 30, 1789
Website First Ladies

The First Lady of the United States is the title of the hostess of the White House. The position is traditionally filled by the wife of the President of the United States, but on occasion the title has been applied to women who were not Presidents' wives, such as when the President was a bachelor or widower, or when the wife of the President was unable to fulfill the duties of the First Lady herself. First Lady is not an elected position; it carries no official duties and receives no salary. Nonetheless, she attends many official ceremonies and functions of state either along with or in place of the President. Traditionally, First Lady does not hold outside employment while occupying the office.[1] The Office of the First Lady is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House. The First Lady has her own staff, including the White House Social Secretary, a Chief of staff, Press secretary, Chief Floral Designer, and Executive Chef. The Office of the First Lady is a branch of the Executive Office of the President.

According to the White House and the National First Ladies' Library, there have been forty-five First Ladies and forty-six First Ladyships. This discrepancy exists because Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the twenty-second and the twenty-fourth President; his wife Frances Folsom Cleveland is also counted twice. Following Barack Obama's inauguration on January 20, 2009, his wife Michelle Obama became the forty-sixth First Lady, succeeding Laura Bush, wife of former President George W. Bush.

As of May 2009, there are six living former First Ladies: Betty Ford, widow of Gerald Rudolph Ford; Rosalynn Carter, wife of Jimmy Carter; Nancy Reagan, widow of Ronald Reagan; Barbara Bush, wife of George H. W. Bush; Hillary Rodham Clinton, wife of Bill Clinton; and Laura Bush, wife of George W. Bush. The first First Lady of the US was Martha Dandridge Custis Washington, married to George Washington. Presidents John Tyler and Woodrow Wilson had two official First Ladies – both remarried during their presidential tenures. The wives of four Presidents died before their husbands were sworn into Office but are still considered First Ladies by the White House and National First Ladies' Library: Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson, wife of Thomas Jefferson; Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson, wife of Andrew Jackson; Hannah Hoes Van Buren, wife of Martin Van Buren; and Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, wife of Chester A. Arthur.

Harriet Lane, James Buchanan's niece, is the only person not married to a President who was considered an official First Lady; however, Dolley Madison served unofficially as Jefferson's First Lady; Emily Donelson and Sarah Yorke Jackson served unofficially as First Ladies during Jackson's presidency; and Chelsea Clinton served unofficially as First Lady during her mother's campaign and term as Senator during her father's presidency.

The title "First Lady" was first used to describe Dolley Madison in her eulogy given by James Madison. It did not enter official usage until Harriet Lane entered the White House.

In 2007, the United States Mint began releasing a set of half-ounce $10 gold coins under the First Spouse Program with engravings of portraits of the First Ladies on the obverse.[2] When a President served without a spouse, a gold coin is issued that bears an obverse image emblematic of Liberty as depicted on a circulating coin of that era and a reverse image emblematic of themes of that President's life. This is true for the coins for Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren and James Buchanan's First Ladies, but not the coin for Chester A. Arthur's First Lady, which will instead depict suffragette Alice Paul.[3]

Contents

First Ladies

First Lady Date of marriage President Entered White House Left White House
1 Portrait of Martha Washington Martha Custis Washington
[4][5]
(née Dandridge)		 January 6, 1759 George Washington April 30, 1789 March 4, 1797
2 Portrait painting of Abigail Adams Abigail Adams
[6][7]
(née Smith)		 October 25, 1764 John Adams March 4, 1797 March 4, 1801
3 Portrait painting of Martha Jefferson Martha Jefferson Randolph
[8][9]
 January 1, 1772 Thomas Jefferson —[n 1] —
4 Portrait painting of Dolley Madison Dolley Todd Madison
[10][11]
(née Payne)		 September 14, 1794 James Madison March 4, 1809 March 4, 1817
5 Portrait painting of Elizabeth Monroe Elizabeth Monroe
[12][13]
(née Kortright)		 February 16, 1786 James Monroe March 4, 1817 March 4, 1825
6 Portrait engraving of Louisa Adams Louisa Catherine Adams
[14][15]
(née Johnson)		 26 July, 1797 John Quincy Adams March 4, 1825 March 4, 1829
7 Rachel Jackson Rachel Robards Jackson
[16][17]
(née Donelson)		 January 7, 1794 Andrew Jackson —[n 2] —
8 Portrait painting of Hannah Van Buren Hannah Van Buren
[18][19]
(née Hoes)		 February 21, 1807 Martin Van Buren —[n 3] —
9 Portrait painting of Anna Harrison Anna Harrison
[20][21]
(née Tuthill Symmes)		 November 22, 1795 William Henry Harrison March 4, 1841[n 4] April 4, 1841
10 Portrait painting of Letitia Tyler Letitia Tyler
[22][23]
(née Christian)		 March 29, 1813 John Tyler April 4, 1841 September 10, 1842[n 5]
11 Portrait painting of Julia Tyler Julia Tyler
[24][25]
(née Gardiner)		 June 26, 1844 June 26, 1844[n 6] March 4, 1845
12 Portrait painting of Sarah Polk Sarah Polk
[26][27]
(née Childress)		 January 1, 1824 James K. Polk March 4, 1845 March 4, 1849
13 Portrait painting of Margaret Taylor Margaret Taylor
[28][29]
(née Mackall Smith)		 June 21, 1810 Zachary Taylor March 4, 1849 July 9, 1850
14 Portrait painting of Abigail Fillmore Abigail Fillmore
[30][31]
(née Powers)		 February 5, 1826 Millard Fillmore July 9, 1850 March 4, 1853
15 Engraving of Jane Pierce Jane Pierce
[32][33]
(née Means Appleton)		 November 19, 1834 Franklin Pierce March 4, 1853 March 4, 1857
16 Portrait photograph of Harriet Lane Harriet Lane
[34][35]		 —[n 7] James Buchanan March 4, 1857 March 4, 1861
17 Portrait photograph of Mary Lincoln Mary Todd Lincoln
[36][37]
(née Todd)		 November 4, 1842 Abraham Lincoln March 4, 1861 April 15, 1865
18 Portrait engraving of Eliza Johnson Eliza Johnson
[38][39]
(née McCardle)		 May 17, 1827 Andrew Johnson April 15, 1865 March 4, 1869
19 Portrait photograph of Julia Grant Julia Boggs Grant
[40][41]
(née Dent)		 August 22, 1848 Ulysses S. Grant March 4, 1869 March 4, 1877
20 Portrait photograph of Lucy Hayes Lucy Ware Hayes
[42][43]
(née Webb)		 December 30, 1852 Rutherford B. Hayes March 4, 1877 March 4, 1881
21 Portrait photograph of Lucretia Garfield Lucretia Garfield
[44][45]
(née Rudolph)		 November 11, 1858 James A. Garfield March 4, 1881 September 19, 1881
22 Portrait of Ellen Arthur Ellen Arthur
[46][47]
(née Lewis Herndon)		 October 25, 1859 Chester A. Arthur —[n 8] —
23 Portrait of Frances Cleveland Frances Clara Cleveland
[48][49]
(née Folsom; later Preston)		 June 2, 1886 Grover Cleveland June 2, 1886[n 9] March 4, 1889
24 Portrait of Caroline Harrison Caroline Lavinia Harrison
[50][51]
(née Scott)		 October 20, 1853 Benjamin Harrison March 4, 1889 October 25, 1892[n 10]
25 Portrait of Frances Cleveland Frances Clara Cleveland
[48][49]
(née Folsom; later Preston)		 June 2, 1886 Grover Cleveland March 4, 1893 March 4, 1897
26 Portrait of Ida McKinley Ida McKinley
[52][53]
(née Saxton)		 January 25, 1871 William McKinley March 4, 1897 September 14, 1901
27 Portrait of Edith Roosevelt Edith Kermit Roosevelt
[54][55]
(née Carow)		 December 2, 1886 Theodore Roosevelt September 14, 1901 March 4, 1909
28 Portrait of Helen Taft Helen Louise Taft
[56][57]
(née Herron)		 June 19, 1886 William Howard Taft March 4, 1909 March 4, 1913
29 Portrait of Ellen Wilson Ellen Louise Wilson
[58][59]
(née Axson)		 June 24, 1885 Woodrow Wilson March 4, 1913 August 6, 1914[n 11]
30 Portrait of Edith Wilson Edith Galt Wilson
[60][61]
(née Bolling)		 December 18, 1915 December 18, 1915 March 4, 1921
31 Portrait of Florence Harding Florence Mabel deWolfe Harding
[62][63]
(née Kling)		 July 8, 1891 Warren G. Harding March 4, 1921 August 2, 1923
32 Grace Coolidge Grace Anna Coolidge
[64][65]
(née Goodhue)		 October 4, 1905 Calvin Coolidge August 2, 1923 March 4, 1929
33 Portrait of Lou Hoover Lou Hoover
[66][67]
(née Henry)		 February 10, 1899 Herbert Hoover March 4, 1929 March 4, 1933
34 Portrait of Eleanor Roosevelt Anna Eleanor Roosevelt
[68][69]
(née Roosevelt)		 March 17, 1905 Franklin D. Roosevelt March 4, 1933 April 12, 1945
35 Portrait of Bess Truman Elizabeth Virginia Truman
[70][71]
(née Wallace)		 June 28, 1919 Harry S. Truman April 12, 1945 January 20, 1953
36 Portrait of Mamie Eisenhower Mamie Geneva Eisenhower
[72][73]
(née Doud)		 July 1, 1916 Dwight D. Eisenhower January 20, 1953 January 20, 1961
37 Portrait Of jaqueline Kennedy Jacqueline Lee Kennedy
[74][75]
(née Bouvier; later Onassis)		 September 12, 1953 John F. Kennedy January 20, 1961 November 22, 1963
38 Portrait of Lady Bird Johnson Claudia "Lady Bird" Alta Johnson
[76][77]
(née Taylor)		 November 17, 1934 Lyndon B. Johnson November 22, 1963 January 20, 1969
39 Portrait of Pat Nixon Thelma "Pat" Catherine Nixon
[78][79]
(née Ryan)		 June 21, 1940 Richard Nixon January 20, 1969 August 9, 1974
40 Portrait of Betty Ford Elizabeth "Betty" Ann Warren Ford
[80][81]
(née Bloomer)		 October 15, 1948 Gerald Rudolph Ford August 9, 1974 January 20, 1977
41 Portrait of Rosalynn Carter Eleanor Rosalynn Carter
[82][83]
(née Smith)		 July 7, 1946 Jimmy Carter January 20, 1977 January 20, 1981
42 Portrait of Nancy Reagan Nancy Davis Reagan
[84][85]
(née Davis)		 March 6, 1952 Ronald Reagan January 20, 1981 January 20, 1989
43 Portrait of Barbara Bush Barbara Bush
[86][87]
(née Pierce)		 January 6, 1945 George H. W. Bush January 20, 1989 January 20, 1993
44 Portrait of Hillary Rodham Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton
[88][89]
(née Rodham)		 October 11, 1975 Bill Clinton January 20, 1993 January 20, 2001[n 12]
45 Portrait of Laura Bush Laura Lane Bush
[90][91]
(née Welch)		 November 5, 1977 George W. Bush January 20, 2001 January 20, 2009
46 Portrait of Michelle Obama Michelle LaVaughn Obama
[92][93]
(née Robinson)		 October 3, 1992[94] Barack Obama January 20, 2009 Incumbent

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson died in 1782, nineteen years before Thomas Jefferson became President. Their daughter, Martha Jefferson Randolph, assumed the role of White House hostess and unofficial First Lady during his incumbency; when she was unavailable Jefferson called upon Dolley Madison, wife of his Secretary of State, James Madison.[8][9]
  2. ↑ Rachel Jackson died in December, 1828, three months before Andrew Jackson became President. Rachel's niece, Emily Donelson, assumed the role of White House hostess and unofficial First Lady until her death on December 19, 1836. Jackson's daughter-in-law, Sarah Yorke Jackson, was also brought into the White House to serve as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady on November 26, 1834. She remained at the White House until Jackson's term expired on March 4, 1837.[16][17]
  3. ↑ Hannah Van Buren died on February 5, 1819, eighteen years before Martin Van Buren became President. Angelica Singleton Van Buren, Martin's daughter-in-law assumed the role of White House hostess and unofficial First Lady during his incumbency.[18][19]
  4. ↑ Anna Harrison, President William Henry Harrison's wife, was too sick to travel with William to Washington D.C. for his inauguration, and asked their daughter-in-law Jane Irwin Harrison to accompany him and act as hostess until her proposed arrival in May. William Harrison died after serving only 31 days in office, and Anna never made the trip to the White House.[20][21]
  5. ↑ Letitia Tyler died while her husband, John Tyler, was still in office. Their daughter-in-law, Priscilla Cooper Tyler acted as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady until John Tyler remarried on June 26, 1844.[22][23]
  6. ↑ Julia Tyler married John Tyler on June 26, 1844.[24][25]
  7. ↑ James Buchanan was a life-long bachelor. His niece Harriet Lane served as First Lady.[34][35]
  8. ↑ Ellen Arthur died in 1880. When Chester A. Arthur became President after James A. Garfield died, he asked his sister, Mary Arthur McElroy to be the White House hostess.[46][47]
  9. ↑ Frances Cornelia Folsom married Grover Cleveland on June 2, 1886. Grover entered office on March 4, 1885 as a bachelor; his sister Rose Cleveland served as White House hostess until he and Frances married.[48][49]
  10. ↑ Caroline Harrison died while her husband, Benjamin Harrison, was still in office. Their daughter, Mary Harrison McKee acted as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady for the remainder of his incumbency.[50][51]
  11. ↑ Ellen Wilson died on August 6, 1914, while her husband Woodrow Wilson was still in office. Their daughter, Margaret Woodrow Wilson, acted as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady until he remarried on December 18, 1915.[58][59]
  12. ↑ Although Hillary Clinton served as First Lady during the majority of her husband's presidency, the couple's daughter Chelsea served as needed as First Lady during her mother's 2000 Senate campaign. She also served as Acting First Lady during the last two weeks of her father's presidency, her mother having been sworn into service as U.S. Senator (D-NY) two weeks prior. Although Bill Clinton was caught having an affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky, he remained in a loving marriage with Hillary.

References

  1. ↑ Caroli, Betty Boyd (2003). First Ladies from Martha Washington to Laura Bush. Oxford University Press. p. 200. 
  2. ↑ "The First Spouse Gold Coins". United States Mint. http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/firstSpouse/index.cfm?flash=no. Retrieved January 10, 2009. 
  3. ↑ 31 U.S.C. § 5112(o)(3)(D)(i)(II) Denominations, specifications, and design of coins. The First Spouse Gold Coins. Cornell University. Retrieved on January 10, 2009.
  4. ↑ "Biography of Martha Washington". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/liveproduction/martha-dandridge-custis-washington. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  5. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Martha Washington". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=1. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  6. ↑ "Biography of Abigail Adams". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/abigailadams. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  7. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Abigail Adams". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=2. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Biography of Martha Jefferson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/marthajefferson. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "First Lady Biography: Martha Jefferson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=3. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  10. ↑ "Biography of Dolley Madison". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/dolleymadison. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  11. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Dolley Madison". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=4. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  12. ↑ "Biography of Elizabeth Monroe". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/elizabethmonroe/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  13. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Elizabeth Monroe". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=5. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  14. ↑ "Biography of Louisa Adams". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/louisaadams/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  15. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Louisa Adams". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=6. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Biography of Rachel Jackson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/racheljackson/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "First Lady Biography: Rachel Jackson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=7. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Biography of Hannah Van Buren". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/hannahvanburen/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "First Lady Biography: Hannah Van Buren". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=8. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Biography of Anna Harrison". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/annaharrison/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "First Lady Biography: Anna Harrison". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Biography of Letitia Tyler". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/letitiatyler/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "First Lady Biography: Letitia Tyler". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=10. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Biography of Julia Tyler". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/juliatyler/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "First Lady Biography: Julia Tyler". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=11. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  26. ↑ "Biography of Sarah Polk". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/sarahpolk/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  27. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Sarah Polk". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=12. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  28. ↑ "Biography of Margaret Taylor". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/margarettaylor/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  29. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Margaret Taylor". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=13. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  30. ↑ "Biography of Abigail Fillmore". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/abigailfillmore/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  31. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Abigail Fillmore". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  32. ↑ "Biography of Jane Pierce". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/janepierce/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  33. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Jane Pierce". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Biography of Harriet Lane". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/harrietlane/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "First Lady Biography: Harriet Lane". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=16. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  36. ↑ "Biography of Mary Lincoln". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/marylincoln/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  37. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Mary Lincoln". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=17. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  38. ↑ "Biography of Eliza McCardle Johnson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/elizajohnson/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  39. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Eliza Johnson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=18. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  40. ↑ "Biography of Julia Grant". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/juliagrant/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  41. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Julia Grant". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  42. ↑ "Biography of Lucy Hayes". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/lucyhayes/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  43. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Lucy Hayes". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=20. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  44. ↑ "Biography of Lucretia Garfield". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/lucretiagarfield/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  45. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Lucretia Garfield". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=21. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Biography of Ellen Arthur". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/ellenarthur/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "First Lady Biography: Ellen Arthur". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=22. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 "Biography of Frances Cleveland". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/francescleveland/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 "First Lady Biography: Frances Cleveland". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=23. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Biography of Caroline Harrison". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/carolineharrison/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "First Lady Biography: Caroline Harrison". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=24. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  52. ↑ "Biography of Ida McKinley". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/idamckinley/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  53. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Ida McKinley". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=25. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  54. ↑ "Biography of Edith Roosevelt". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/edithroosevelt/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  55. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Edith Roosevelt". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=26. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  56. ↑ "Biography of Helen Taft". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/helentaft/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  57. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Helen Taft". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=27. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "Biography of Ellen Wilson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/ellenwilson/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "First Lady Biography: Ellen Wilson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=28. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  60. ↑ "Biography of Edith Wilson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/edithwilson/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  61. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Edith Wilson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=29. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  62. ↑ "Biography of Florence Harding". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/florenceharding/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  63. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Florence Harding". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=30. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  64. ↑ "Biography of Grace Coolidge". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/gracecoolidge/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  65. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Grace Coolidge". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=31. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  66. ↑ "Biography of Lou Hoover". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/louhoover/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  67. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Lou Hoover". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=32. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  68. ↑ "Biography of Eleanor Roosevelt". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/eleanorroosevelt/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  69. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Eleanor Roosevelt". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=33. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  70. ↑ "Biography of Bess Truman". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/besstruman/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  71. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Bess Truman". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=34. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  72. ↑ "Biography of Mamie Eisenhower". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/mamieeisenhower/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  73. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Mamie Eisenhower". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=35. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  74. ↑ "Biography of Jacqueline Kennedy". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/jacquelinekennedy/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  75. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Jackie Kennedy". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=36. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  76. ↑ "Biography of Lady Bird Johnson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/ladybirdjohnson/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  77. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Lady Bird Johnson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=37. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  78. ↑ "Biography of Pat Nixon". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/patnixon/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  79. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=38. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  80. ↑ "Biography of Betty Ford". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/bettyford/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  81. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Betty Ford". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=39. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  82. ↑ "Biography of Rosalynn Carter". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/rosalynncarter/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  83. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Rosalynn Carter". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=40. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  84. ↑ "Biography of Nancy Reagan". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/nancyreagan/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  85. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Nancy Reagan". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=41. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  86. ↑ "Biography of Barbara Bush". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/barbarabush/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  87. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Barbara Bush". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=42. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  88. ↑ "Biography of Hillary Clinton". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/hillaryclinton/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  89. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=43. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  90. ↑ "Biography of Laura Bush". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/laurabush/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  91. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Laura Bush". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=44. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  92. ↑ "Biography of Michelle Obama". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/michelle_obama/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  93. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Michelle Obama". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=45. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  94. ↑ Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng. Retrieved January 10, 2009. 

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